chore(release): bump version to 0.3.0 and write changelog

Park the metadata at 0.3.0. This is not the release — the changelog
header stays "(unreleased)" and we'll swap in a date when we actually
tag.

- setup.py, docs/conf.py, src/edify/__init__.py, .bumpversion.cfg:
  0.2.2 -> 0.3.0.
- README.rst: bump both `commits-since/v0.2.2` shields to v0.3.0.
  The shield will 404 until v0.3.0 is tagged, which is an accepted
  trade-off for keeping `bumpversion` config consistent.
- CHANGELOG.rst: replace Copilot's stub `Unreleased` heading with a
  real `0.3.0 (unreleased)` entry covering everything since 0.2.2 —
  Python 3.7 drop (#32), 3.12/3.13/3.14 support and RTD updates
  (#31), GitHub Actions and PyPy and pre-commit modernization
  (#33, #35, #37), dependency floor bumps (#25-#29), repo
  infrastructure (#39), and housekeeping (#41, #43).
- docs/conf.py: fix `extlinks` caption format. The old style — a bare
  prefix string like 'PR #' — was deprecated in Sphinx 5 and removed
  in Sphinx 6, but the bug stayed latent because no existing
  CHANGELOG entry actually used the `:pr:` or `:issue:` roles. The
  new changelog uses `:pr:` for every cross-reference, which is what
  surfaced the breakage in the docs CI job. Updated both captions to
  the modern `'PR #%s'` / `'#%s'` form.

Closes #44

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